1. Developing ovum: first 7-10 days after conception, i.e., until the implantation oocurs.
Embryo: from one week to the end of 8th week.
Foetus: after 8th week to up to birth.
Neonate: up to 28 days after birth.
Infant: up to 1 year after birth.
2. How will you estimate the gestational age of the foetus?
A. Gestational age can be determined from maturation of chorionic villi; foot length and
ossification centres.
3. What is Lanugo hair?
A. Body hair of newlyborn child is called Lanugo hair, which is fine, soft, non-pigmented
(colourless) and non-medullated. This Lanugo hair is replaced by hair which is coarser,
pigmented, medullated.
4. What is Meconium?
A. Meconium is the green, acidic viscid substance consisting of thickened bile and mucus.
The meconium is completely excreted from large intestine in the first 24-48 hours after birth.
5. Rule of HAASE: This is a method of calculating the age of the foetus. During the first
five months of pregnancy the square root of the length gives the approx. age of the foetus.
eg: a foetus of 9 cm is 3 months.
Hasse's Modification of Morrison's Law: During the last five months, the length in cm
divided by five gives the age in months.
eg: foetus of 40 cm is 8 months.
6. Ossification centres:
4-5 weeks - in Clavicle (1st ossification centre that appear in a foetus)
6 weeks - in Maxilla.
5th month - Calcaneus
7th month - Talus
9th month - Cuboid (pnemonic: Cal T C - 5, 7, 9 months)
Note: To see this centres, an incision is made between the interspace of 3rd and 4th toes.
Sternum: 4 centres for body (5,7,7 and 10th month)
1 centre for manubrium (5th month).
Lower end of Femur and upper end of Tibia: at birth. (to see that incision made on knee joint).
7. Define Viability of the infant?
A. Viability means the physical ability of a foetus to lead a separate existence after birth apart
from its mother, by virtue of certain degree of development. A child is viable after 210 days
of intrauterine life.
8. Define Livebirth?
A. Livebirth means that the child showed signs of life when only part of the child was out of
mother, though the child may not have breathed or completely born. The causing of death
of such child is regarded as homicide.
9. Define Stillbirth?
A. 1. A stillborn child is one, which is born after 28th week of pregnancy, and which did not
breathe or show any other signs of life, at any time after being completely born.
2. The child was alive in utero, but dies during the process of birth.
3. common cause is Pre-maturity.
10. Define Deadbirth?
A. 1. A dead born child is one which has died in utero.
2. shows one of the following signs after it is completely born (3 M's)
a) Rigor Mortis at delivery
b) Maceration (aseptic autolysis)
c) Mummification.
11. Spalding's sign?
A. Loss of alignment and overriding of the cranial vault occur due to shrinkage of the cerebrum
after death of the foetus.
12. Vagitus uterinus: Breathing of child, while it is in the womb, after the rupture of membranes.
Vagitus vaginalis: Breathing of child, while its head iis in the vagina, after the rupture of
membranes.
13. Robert's sign?
A. Gas in the great vessels (aorta in 12 hours) of foetus indicates foetal death.
14. Also read
a) Hydrostatic test (Raygat's test)
b) Static test (Fodere's test)
c) Ploucquet's test.
d) Breslau's second life test (stomach-bowel test)
e) Wredin's test.
f) Difference between cephalohaematoma and caput succedaneum.
g) Acts of commission and acts of omission.
15. Battered baby syndrome (Caffey's syndrome)
Sudden infant death syndrome.
Munchausen's syndrome.
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